Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) symptoms vary by location. For example, carcinoid syndrome is characterized by intermittent blushing, diarrhea, and hypertension. Pheochromocytoma is characterized by abdominal pain and hypertension, while pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors produce insulin-based, glucagon-based, gastric-promoting, and hormonal symptoms. Patients without symptoms are categorized as having nonfunctional tumours.
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There are two types of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: nonfunctioning and functional. Nonfunctional PNETs produce no symptoms, but are not benign. Nonfunctional PNETs are usually large and cancerous, and do not produce hormones. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare and have no known cause. They may develop in the exocrine cells, which break down food in the small intestine.
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Patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may experience any of the following symptoms: constipation, diarrhea, and blood in the stool. If you have black tarry stool, this may indicate that the tumor is bleeding in the stomach. Other symptoms include jaundice, a yellow appearance to the skin, and frequent or watery stools. In addition, flushing may occur. Imaging tests may reveal the presence of a pNET.
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When you have a pNET, it is important to know that the first stage is characterized by a small tumor, and the second stage involves the presence of distant locations. If the tumor is more than 2 centimeters in diameter, it may have spread beyond the pancreas to nearby organs, such as the large intestine or the spleen. However, it is rare to develop a pancreatic tumor without symptoms.
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Treatment for patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors varies. Most commonly, surgery will remove the tumor and nearby tissues. Some survivors may also undergo chemotherapy to shrink the tumors. Overall, survival rates for patients with PNETs are much better than those for those with common pancreatic cancers. However, the exact survival rate will vary from patient to patient. If you experience any of these symptoms, you should see your doctor. You can also join support groups, online communities, and seek counselling.
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Glucagonomas are the most common type of pancreatic NET. These tumors produce the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. This hormone helps the body to digest carbohydrates and fats. It can cause symptoms like low blood sugar, headaches, and mood changes. As the tumor grows, it can disrupt insulin production, which can lead to severe conditions like diabetes and stomach ulcers.
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Patients with pNENs have a high risk of developing the disease. Although many pNENs are caused by genetic predisposition, they may occur randomly. Other risk factors may be associated with genetic predisposition, or with environmental exposure. The symptoms of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors vary from person to patient. But they are common among men and women and can be life-threatening.
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Intestinal tumors can produce too much vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). An excess amount of VIP causes diarrhea, which usually gets worse with time. Most people with intestinal tumors will experience diarrhea, although some may experience other symptoms, including vomiting, flushing, and muscle cramps. A person with this tumor also tends to have a low stomach acid, which can make digestion difficult.
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Diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors depends on the symptoms and a detailed patient history. Clinical evaluations may include imaging of the pancreas and other parts of the body. Various diagnostic tests, including ultrasound, may be used to confirm the diagnosis. While surgery may not be necessary, some procedures, such as intraoperative ultrasound, may be required. During the operation, an ultrasound transducer creates sound waves, which are then transmitted to a computer. A bone scan is also performed.
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When a tumor forms, it may produce abnormal cells in the pancreas, leading to a lump. This lump may also invade neighboring areas. Ultimately, the cancer cells can invade other parts of the body, and may spread to other organs. The clinical presentation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors varies, and different treatment options are recommended. Patients with symptoms of a tumor mass may require invasive surgical procedures or other forms of hepatic artery embolization.
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While pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are extremely rare, their incidence has increased over the past decade. Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and research have increased the chances of a cure. Despite these limitations, the survival rate for pNET is high and can be as high as 93% for patients who undergo surgery. However, if the cancer has spread to the spleen, it may be removed.