Retinoblastoma is a cancer that affects the retina. The disease usually affects only one eye, although about one in three children will have cancer in both eyes. The first symptom of the disease is a white pupil, also known as leukocoria, that is visible in photographs or in dim light. Other symptoms include crossed eyes, eyelid swelling, or redness and swelling of the retina. The disease can cause the eye to become blind if not treated.
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Retinoblastoma is caused by a mutation in a gene called RB1. Inheritance can lead to the development of the condition in one or both eyes. Nonheritable cases develop when the affected person's parents had the disease. These children have a 50% chance of getting it. They are also more likely to develop tumors in both eyes. Children with a hereditary retinoblastoma gene are at increased risk for developing cancer of the eye.
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Retinoblastoma symptoms include redness, blurred vision, pain, and a white pupil. If you notice any of these symptoms, contact a doctor right away. Early diagnosis is crucial as it can prevent vision loss and stop the cancer from spreading. And the sooner you treat it, the better the odds of cure. Therefore, the earlier you can detect Retinoblastoma, the sooner you will be able to find the treatment you need.
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If the cancer has spread outside of the eye, it is known as extraocular retinoblastoma. The cancer may be found in the eye's tissues, as well as the central nervous system. The tumor may have spread to other parts of the body including the bone marrow and the lymph nodes. In these cases, treatment is difficult. The only way to cure the disease is to find the cause.
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Some common Retinoblastoma symptoms are white pupil, white iris, and discoloration of the iris. The white pupil is the result of light reflecting off the tumor. Light reflected off the tumor also causes a white or yellow-white iris. The white pupil can be mistaken for other symptoms such as wandering eyes, crossed eyes, or nystagmus. In some cases, the tumor can also interfere with a child's vision, causing the pupil to misalign.
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Bilateral and trilateral retinoblastoma are hereditary diseases. One in three children has a germline mutation in the RB1 gene. This gene is present in every cell of the body. The inherited mutation has no known cause or cure. Genetic testing may be recommended to detect the disease at an early stage to improve the prognosis. Even early detection may help prevent loss of vision.
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The eye can be removed by a surgeon in a procedure called enucleation, which removes the eyeball and the portion of the optic nerve that feeds it. A pathologist familiar with retinoblastoma will examine the tumor for signs of spreading. Ultimately, if the cancer is not treated, it can spread to other parts of the body and be life-threatening.
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Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. Around 90% of cases are diagnosed in children before age three, and the disease is often unilateral or bilateral. A presenting sign is leukocoria (white patches of blood cells in the retina) and can be seen in photographs. In 30% to 40% of cases, a mutation of the RB1 gene is associated with the disease, which increases the risk of secondary tumors. Patients in resource-rich countries have a 10-year survival rate, while those in resource-poor countries typically develop extraocular extension or metastatic disease.
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Retinoblastoma is hereditary. It is caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene, which may be passed from one parent to the child. It can also develop in the egg or sperm before conception. Treatment for this cancer depends on the stage of the disease, risk factors, and the risk group for the disease. While there is no cure for this disease, there are different treatments available for a child with retinoblastoma.
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The goal of treatment for retinoblastoma is to preserve the life of the child with the disease, preserve the child's vision, and minimize the chance of complications. The treatment plan depends on the type of retinoblastoma and the type of mutation present. A multimodality therapy is usually recommended for children with both eye involvement. Once the diagnosis has been made, treatment options are discussed.
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One of the most common retinoblastoma symptoms is a white pupil. This is a round black opening in the center of the eye. Many parents will notice this when taking pictures of their children with a flash. Additionally, the child will have difficulty moving around the house, reading, and recognizing objects. A doctor will perform a number of tests to diagnose the disease. Some treatments may involve surgery or chemotherapy.
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